• Miscellaneous commands, paths, info, and syntax for Linux
• Most of this was previously under the “Notable Folders and Commands” section at the bottom of distro notes

/usr/share/applications

~/.local/share/applications

/usr/share/icons/hicolor

~/.local/share/icons/hicolor

cat '/etc/os-release'

cat '/etc/os-release' | grep 'PRETTY_NAME'

• keyboard_shortcuts

• https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Changes/ThirdPartyLegacyJdks
• Potentially useful for F42

sudo dnf install 'adoptium-temurin-java-repository'

sudo dnf config-manager 'setopt' 'adoptium-temurin-java-repository'.'enabled'='1'

sudo dnf install 'temurin-11-jdk'

JAVA_HOME='/usr/lib/jvm/temurin-11-jdk'

sudo dnf install 'java-openjdk' --setopt='adoptium-temurin-java-repository.enabled=0' --exclude='temurin*'

sudo -e '/etc/modprobe.d/anaconda-blacklist.conf'

sudo dnf repolist

gio open '/etc/yum.repos.d'

sudo dnf list --installed

sudo dnf list --installed | grep x

sudo dnf repoquery -l x

sudo dnf repoquery -l x | grep 'bin'

sudo dnf history list

sudo dnf history undo x

sudo dnf config-manager 'setopt' 'updates-testing'.'enabled'='1'

sudo dnf config-manager 'setopt' 'rpmfusion-'*'-updates-testing'.'enabled'='1'

sudo dnf config-manager addrepo --from-repofile='x'

sudo dnf config-manager addrepo --from-repofile='https://dl.winehq.org/wine-builds/fedora/40/winehq.repo'

• https://discussion.fedoraproject.org/t/openh264-update-issue/117380/12
• Looks useful for using dnf on restrictive networks

sudo dnf install tor

sudo systemctl enable tor.service --now

sudo torsocks dnf upgrade --refresh

• Removes the initially-installed kernel in order to fix dnf autoremove if it's broken

sudo dnf list --installed 'kernel'*

sudo dnf remove *5.3.7* && sync

sudo touch '/.autorelabel'

zypper locks

zypper packages --orphaned

sudo zypper remove --clean-deps 'x'

sudo zypper patterns --installed-only

ls '/etc/zypp/repos.d'

zypper repos --priority

• http://download.opensuse.org/tumbleweed/repo/

mkdir -p ~/'.config/pipewire/pipewire.conf.d' && nano ~/'.config/pipewire/pipewire.conf.d/99-custom.conf'

context.properties = {
    default.clock.rate          = 192000
    default.clock.allowed-rates = [ 44100 48000 88200 96000 192000 ]
}

• Copy main config to user folder

mkdir -p ~/'.config/pipewire/pipewire.conf.d' && cp '/usr/share/pipewire/pipewire.conf' ~/'.config/pipewire/pipewire.conf.d/99-custom.conf'

nano ~/'.config/pipewire/pipewire.conf.d/99-custom.conf'

• pipewire.conf.in

gio open '/usr/share/pipewire/pipewire.conf'

nano '/usr/share/pipewire/pipewire.conf'

sudo rm -Rf ~gdm/'.local/state/wireplumber' ~/'.local/state/wireplumber'

rm -Rf ~/'.local/state/wireplumber'

rpm -q gpg-pubkey --qf '%{NAME}-%{VERSION}-%{RELEASE}\t%{SUMMARY}\n'

sudo rpm -e x

rm -Rf ~/'.cache/thumbnails'

• Change x to schema or omit it to show all settings

gsettings list-recursively 'x'

gsettings reset 'org.gnome.shell' 'app-picker-layout'

• 2025/07/13: Mouse settings caused crash possibly related to gl vs vulkan

gsettings reset 'org.gnome.Settings' 'last-panel'

pkcon -c '1' refresh && pkcon update

sudo fstrim --verbose --all

• https://tracker.gnome.org/
• Aka localsearch and tinysparql

localsearch reset --filesystem

tracker3 reset --filesystem --rss

sudo journalctl --sync --flush --rotate --update-catalog --vacuum-time='1d'

sudo journalctl --verify

rm -Rf ~/'.cache/mesa_shader_cache'*'/'*

sudo rm -fv ~/'.config/monitors.xml' '/etc/xdg/monitors.xml'

rm -fv ~/'.config/pulse/'*

journalctl -e _COMM='gdm-x-session'

gio open ~/'.local/share/xorg/Xorg.0.log'

mousepad '/var/log/Xorg.0.log'

gio open ~/'.local/share/xorg/'

LIBGL_DEBUG='verbose' glxinfo | grep 'libgl'

killall -9 'wine' 'wineserver' 'wineboot.exe' 'winedevice.exe' 'winemenubuilder'

• https://www.geeks3d.com/gputest/

• 1280×720

wget -O '/tmp/GpuTest_Linux_x64.zip' 'http://www.ozone3d.net/gputest/dl/GpuTest_Linux_x64_0.7.0.zip' && unzip '/tmp/GpuTest_Linux_x64.zip' -d '/tmp' && cd '/tmp/GpuTest_Linux_x64_'* && ./GpuTest /test='fur' /width='1280' /height='720'

cd '/tmp/GpuTest_Linux_x64_'* && ./GpuTest /test='fur' /width='1280' /height='720'

/fullscreen /benchmark /benchmark_duration_ms='15000'

wget -O '/tmp/GpuTest_Linux_x64.zip' 'http://www.ozone3d.net/gputest/dl/GpuTest_Linux_x64_0.7.0.zip' && unzip '/tmp/GpuTest_Linux_x64.zip' -d '/tmp' && cd '/tmp/GpuTest_Linux_x64_'* && __NV_PRIME_RENDER_OFFLOAD='1' __GLX_VENDOR_LIBRARY_NAME='nvidia' ./GpuTest /test='fur' /width='1280' /height='720'

• 1920×1080

wget -O '/tmp/GpuTest_Linux_x64.zip' 'http://www.ozone3d.net/gputest/dl/GpuTest_Linux_x64_0.7.0.zip' && unzip '/tmp/GpuTest_Linux_x64.zip' -d '/tmp' && cd '/tmp/GpuTest_Linux_x64_'* && ./GpuTest /test='fur' /width='1920' /height='1080'

cd '/tmp/GpuTest_Linux_x64_'* && ./GpuTest /test='fur' /width='1920' /height='1080'

/fullscreen /benchmark /benchmark_duration_ms='15000'

• 3840×2160

wget -O '/tmp/GpuTest_Linux_x64.zip' 'http://www.ozone3d.net/gputest/dl/GpuTest_Linux_x64_0.7.0.zip' && unzip '/tmp/GpuTest_Linux_x64.zip' -d '/tmp' && cd '/tmp/GpuTest_Linux_x64_'* && ./GpuTest /test='fur' /width='3840' /height='2160'

cd '/tmp/GpuTest_Linux_x64_'* && ./GpuTest /test='fur' /width='3840' /height='2160'

/fullscreen /benchmark /benchmark_duration_ms='15000'

rm -Rf '/tmp/GpuTest_Linux_'* && cd ~ && sync

cat '/sys/class/net/'*'/speed'

sudo dnf install 'lm_sensors' -y

sudo sensors-detect --auto && sudo watch -n0.5 sensors

• x86_energy_perf_policy

grep 'MHz' '/proc/cpuinfo'

watch --interval '0.5' grep \'cpu MHz\' '/proc/cpuinfo'

openssl ciphers -v | awk '{print $2}' | sort | uniq

sudo fwupdmgr refresh --force && sudo fwupdmgr update --verbose

flatpak update && sudo flatpak update

• Both commands present the same information

df -hT

df --human-readable --print-type

sudo cryptsetup -v status '/dev/dm-0'

• This can be used to get the OpROM version for Intel RST

sudo mdadm --detail-platform

• https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1897350
• Compared to old notes, the RAID device needs to be under /dev/md/ instead of just /dev/ to appear on Anaconda
• 2024/01: On the computer this was tested on ¹⁾, it doesn't support CSM/Legacy/BIOS boot and this takes over the entire block devices, requiring the /boot partition and boot partition flag to be on a SD Card ²⁾

sudo mdadm --create '/dev/md/raid0' --name='RAID' --level='0' --raid-devices='2' '/dev/nvme0n1' '/dev/sda' --verbose

• Came from old notes; this used to work for an Acer Predator laptop that had 3 SSDs

sudo mdadm --create '/dev/md0' --name='RAID' --level='0' --raid-devices='3' '/dev/sda' '/dev/sdb' '/dev/sdc' --verbose

• 2023/07/17: This solves a MacBook Pro Mid-2010 with Intel C2D from being stuck at 1.5GHz CPU due to a missing internal battery, by unlocking full-performance

sudo dnf install 'msr-tools'

sudo wrmsr --all '0x1A0' '0x4000850089'

• 0x4000850089 is the expected value

sudo rdmsr --all '0x1A0'

• https://nouveau.freedesktop.org/wiki/Optimus

sudo cat '/sys/kernel/debug/vgaswitcheroo/switch'

sudo strings '/sys/firmware/acpi/tables/DSDT' | grep -i 'windows ' | sort

• Provides more information as to what certain _OSI values do and how they compare
• In dsdt.dsl, look for _OSI values, along with Windows and Linux

sudo dnf install 'acpica-tools'

sudo cp --force '/sys/firmware/acpi/tables/DSDT' ~/'dsdt.dat'

cd ~ && iasl -d ~/'dsdt.dat'

gio open ~/'dsdt.dsl'

sudo dnf remove 'acpica-tools' && sync

• https://unix.stackexchange.com/a/114398

sudo dnf install 'monitor-edid'

monitor-edid

• Use --reduced only for LCD/Non-CRT displays, and only as-needed ³⁾
• Syntax is horizontal (width), vertical (height) and refresh rate

cvt '3840' '2160' '60'

cvt --reduced '3840' '2160' '60'

--reduced

• Changes are lost after reboot
• Values after --newmode are from the above generate command, and is everything after Modeline

xrandr --newmode "3840x2160R"  533.00  3840 3888 3920 4000  2160 2163 2168 2222 +hsync -vsync

xrandr --addmode 'HDMI-A-0' '3840x2160R'

xrandr --output 'HDMI-A-0' --mode '3840x2160R'

xrandr --verbose | grep *current

• Identifier is the name of the port on the GPU the display is connected to
• Modeline is from the above generate command, including the text Modeline
• PreferredMode is the custom resolution name generated

Section "Monitor"
    Identifier  "HDMI-A-0"
    Modeline x
    Option      "PreferredMode" "3840x2160R"
EndSection

grep -e "processor" -e "core id" -e "^$" /proc/cpuinfo

• https://github.com/rui314/mold

sudo dnf install 'binutils-gold'

sudo dnf install 'mold'

sudo update-alternatives --config 'ld'

ls -la '/etc/alternatives/ld'

• x is path to an executable

readelf --string-dump='.comment' x

  [    5d]  mold 2.34.1 (compatible with GNU ld)
  [    5c]  clang version 19.1.0 (Fedora 19.1.0-1.fc41)

gcc -v -E -x c -march=native -mtune=native - < /dev/null 2>&1 | grep cc1 | perl -pe 's/ -mno-\S+//g; s/^.* - //g;'

sudo dnf install 'qrencode'

qrencode -o ~/'x.png' 'x'

qrencode -o ~/'x.png' -s '6' 'https://wiki.realmofespionage.xyz/linux;notes;misc'

mesa_glthread='true'

vblank_mode='0'

vblank_mode='3'

MESA_LOADER_DRIVER_OVERRIDE='zink'

MESA_VK_WSI_PRESENT_MODE='immediate'

• TODO: Scaling sizes

mesa_glthread='false' GALLIUM_HUD='cpu0+cpu1+cpu2+cpu3;cpu4+cpu5+cpu6+cpu7;fps'

mesa_glthread='true' GALLIUM_HUD='cpu0+cpu1+cpu2+cpu3;cpu4+cpu5+cpu6+cpu7;API-thread-offloaded-slots+API-thread-direct-slots+API-thread-num-syncs;fps'

DXVK_HUD='full'

VK_INSTANCE_LAYERS='VK_LAYER_MESA_overlay' VK_LAYER_MESA_OVERLAY_CONFIG='fps,gpu_timing'

VK_INSTANCE_LAYERS='VK_LAYER_MESA_overlay' VK_LAYER_MESA_OVERLAY_CONFIG='help' vkcube

• TODO: Might need a VK dev package?

MESA_LOADER_DRIVER_OVERRIDE='zink' VK_INSTANCE_LAYERS='VK_LAYER_MESA_overlay' VK_LAYER_MESA_OVERLAY_CONFIG='fps,gpu_timing' glxgears

• SDL Enable/Disable are about the system cursor being shown with the app's cursor

SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER='x11'

SDL_VIDEO_DRIVER='wayland'

SDL_ENABLE='1'

SDL_DISABLE='1'

OSU_SDL3='1'

• DISPLAY= might not be required on newer Wine for Wayland

WINEDLLOVERRIDES='dsound=n'

WINEDLLOVERRIDES='winemenubuilder.exe=d'

DISPLAY=

WINEDEBUG=''

history -cw

• Change 7ZIPNAME in 7ZIPNAME.7z to the desired archive name
• Change PASS in -pPASS to the desired password
• Change x to the file or folder to add to the archive

7za a '7ZIPNAME.7z' -p'PASS' 'x'

7za a 'x.7z' -p'x' 'x'

• x is a secret without &digits=6

sudo apt install 'oathtool'

sudo dnf install 'oathtool'

oathtool --totp -b 'x'

sudo apt install 'libimage-exiftool-perl'

sudo dnf install 'perl-Image-ExifTool'

exiftool -all= *.* -overwrite_original